植物學
A+醫學百科 >> 植物學 |
植物學是一門研究植物形態解剖、生長發育、生理生態、系統進化、分類以及與人類的關係的綜合性科學,是生物學的分支學科。
目錄 |
歷史
人類對植物的認識最早可以追溯到舊石器時代,人類在尋找食物的過程中採集了植物的種子、莖、根和果實。植物學的創始人是提奧夫拉斯圖(Theophrastus),在他的著作《植物歷史》(也稱《植物調查》)中將植物進行了分類。 1世紀希臘醫生迪奧斯克里德斯(Dioscorides)的著作《藥物論》(De Materia Medica)為以後藥用植物的使用奠定了基礎。1593年中國明朝的李時珍也完成了《本草綱目》的編寫。17世紀末英國生物學家雷確立了現代植物分類的基本原理。17世紀,出現了各式各樣的顯微鏡,開創了植物解剖學的研究,隨後植物生理學和植物胚胎學也得到進一步的發展,到19世紀中期植物學各分支學科已基本形成。
中國近代植物植物分類學的奠基人是胡先驌,編寫了中國第一部中文《高等植物學》,發現了中國的「活化石」水杉,並將其命名。
早期的植物學
植物學的歷史包括幾個早期文明的著作與植物分類。例如古代印度的宗教著作,古代瑣羅亞斯德教的著作,[1]及古代中國的著作.秦漢時期的《神農本草經》是中國最早的藥用植物志。[2]
古希臘亞里士多德的學生泰奧弗拉斯托斯(前371–前287)被視為植物學的創始人。[3] 他發明並描述了許多現代植物學的原理。[4]他的兩個主要著作--《植物歷史》和《植物本原》是古代和中世紀的植物學的重要組成部分,其後的17個世紀一直占重要的地位。[5][4][6] 1世紀希臘醫生迪奧斯克里德斯(Dioscorides)的著作《植物志》(De Materia Medica),是一本共5卷的藥草百科全書,對其後的1500多年有廣泛的影響。[7]中世紀的伊斯蘭世界的著作包括Ibn Wahshiyya的Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī的 (828–896) Book of Plants,和Ibn Bassal的The Classification of Soils。13世紀早期,Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati和Ibn al-Baitar(d. 1248)也有植物學的著作[8][9][10]
早期的現代植物學
德國醫生Leonhart Fuchs(1501–1566)是三位德國植物學之父之一,其餘兩位是Otto Brunfels(1489–1534)和Hieronymus Bock(1498–1554) 。[11][12]
Valerius Cordus(1515–1544)1546年所寫的Dispensatorium是藥典中的經典著作.[13] Conrad von Gesner(1516–1565)和Nicholas Culpeper(1616–1654)也寫了藥用植物的著作. Ulisse Aldrovandi(1522–1605)被認為是「自然歷史之父」,他的研究內容包括植物. 1665年, 羅伯特·胡克從樹皮切了一片軟木薄片,並放到自己發明的顯微鏡觀察到了細胞。[14]1690年英國的雷(J.Ray)首次給物種下定義,依據花和營養器官的性狀進行分類,並用一個分類系統處理了18000種植物。[5] 1935年,林奈出版了《自然系統》一書,在這本書中,林奈把自然界分成植物界、動物界和礦物界,並將動物和植物按綱、目、屬、種、變種5個等級歸類,特別是他在1953年發表的《植物種志》中對7300種植物正式使用了雙名法進行命名。[15][16]
隨著植物解剖學和植物形態學及生命周期的知識的發展,人們意識到植物間的親緣不止是林奈所描述的那樣。 Adanson(1763), 安托萬·羅蘭·德朱西厄(1789)和奧古斯丁·彼拉姆斯·德堪多(1819)所提出的分類系統調整得到廣泛的接受。進化論中的自然選擇概念的提出,使人們開始了植物的進化關係和系統發育分類的研究。[17][18]
馬蒂亞斯·雅各布·施萊登1838年發表了《植物發生論》(Grundzuge der Wissenschaftlichen),書中指出細胞是植物的結構單位,這本書對植物學有很大的影響。[19] 卡爾·路德維希·韋爾登諾分析了種子散布與分布,植物種群,地質歷史的影響之間的聯繫,並開創了植物地理學. 1831年羅伯特·布朗發現了細胞核.[20]
現代植物學
近30多年來,分子生物學和近代技術科學,以及數學、物理學、化學的新概念和新技術被引入到植物學領域,植物學科在微觀和宏觀的研究上均取得了突出成就,無論在研究的深度和廣度上都達到了一個新的水平。[21]當今相當多的新知識都是從研究模式植物而來的,如擬南芥。這種十字花科的雜草物種是最早的基因組測序植物之一。水稻基因組相對較小,同時國際水稻基因定序工程也把它定為重要的穀物/草/單子葉植物模型。[22] 另一個草物種Brachypodium distachyon也是一個有助理解遺傳學,細胞學和分子生物學的實驗模型。[23] 對其他重要的商業主糧如小麥, 玉米, 大麥, 黑麥,御谷和大豆都有基因組測序。其中部分植物對基因組測序是一個挑戰,因為他們的染色體中有兩個以上的單倍體[24]。另外,一種綠色水藻Chlamydomonas reinhardtii作為模式生物,給細胞生物學提供了重要的知識。[25]
研究領域與重要性
以前所有生命都被分成動物或植物,[27]而植物學就是專門研究那些動物以外的生物。 現在植物的定義是通過光合作用從太陽光中獲得能量的生物,或者是無葉綠素的寄生植物. 而以前植物學則包括細菌,真菌,地衣,非綠藻類水藻和病毒。不過植物學家仍很關注這些物種,而真菌和原生生物也包含在植物學課程內。[28][29]
對植物的研究是很重要的,因為植物是生物的基本組成部分,他們生產人類和其他生物賴以生存的氧氣和食物。此外,植物能防止土壤侵蝕而且對水文循環有極大影響 。[30] 古植物學是研究古植物化石記錄的分支學科。普遍認為在地球的早期歷史中,光合作用植物產生的氧氣改變了古代地球的全球大氣環境.[31]
人體營養
生命過程的基本原理
藥物和原料
環境改變
生態學
進化
生理學
結構
分類學
研究對象
植物解剖和形態
植物解剖學是研究植物細胞和組織的結構,而植物的形態是其外部形式的研究。所有的植物是多細胞真核生物,其儲存在細胞核中的DNA。
注釋
- ↑ Iyer 2009, p. 117.
- ↑ 北京市園林學校 1990, p. 10.
- ↑ 中國數字植物標本館 2006.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Greene 1909, pp. 140–142.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 周雲龍 2004, p. 10.
- ↑ Bennett & Hammond 1902, p. 30.
- ↑ Mauseth 2003, p. 532.
- ↑ Dallal 2010, p. 197.
- ↑ Panaino 2002, p. 93.
- ↑ Levey 1973, p. 116.
- ↑ National Museum of Wales 2007.
- ↑ Yaniv & Bachrach 2005, p. 157.
- ↑ Sprague 1939.
- ↑ Waggoner 2001.
- ↑ 周雲龍 2004, p. 11.
- ↑ Capon 2005, pp. 220–223.
- ↑ Ereshefsky 1997, pp. 493–519.
- ↑ Gray & Sargent 1889, pp. 292–293.
- ↑ Morton 1981, p. 377.
- ↑ Harris 2000, pp. 76–81.
- ↑ 周雲龍 2004, p. 12.
- ↑ Devos & Gale 2000.
- ↑ University of California-Davis 2012.
- ↑ 這種情況稱作多倍體,在植物中很常見
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, p. 5370.
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, p. 5368.
- ↑ Chapman et al. 2001, p. 56.
- ↑ Capon 2005, pp. 10–11.
- ↑ Mauseth 2003, pp. 1–3.
- ↑ Gust 1996.
- ↑ Cleveland Museum of Natural History 2012.
參考文獻
- Bold, H. C. et al. 1987. Morphology of plants and fungi, 5th ed. NY: HarperCollins Publisher. 912 pp. ISBN 0-06-040839-1
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- Pollan, Michael. The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World. New York: Public Broadcasting System (TV), Random House (print). 2001. ISBN 0-375-50129-0.
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- Yaniv, Zohara; Bachrach, Uriel. Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Binghampton, NY: Haworth Press. 2005. ISBN 1-56022-994-2.
學術研究
- 北京市園林學校. 植物學. 北京: 北京科學技術出版社. 1990. ISBN 7-5304-0706-6.
- 周雲龍. 植物生物學(第2版). 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-04-014596-0.
- Acharya, Deepak; Anshu, Shrivastava. Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers. 2008. ISBN 81-7910-252-1.
- Bennett, Charles E.; Hammond, William A.. The characters of Theophrastus – Introduction. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.. 1902 [June 27, 2012].
- Butz, Stephen D.. Science of Earth Systems. 2. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. 2007. ISBN 1-4180-4122-X.
- Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. Only Six Kingdoms of Life (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 2004, 271: 1251–1262. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMID 15306349. PMC 1691724.
- Crawford, R. M. M.. Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology). Oxford: Blackwell Science. 1988. ISBN 0-632-01475-X.
- Chapman, Jasmin; Horsfall, Peter; O'Brien, Pat; Murphy, Jan; MacDonald, Averil. Science Web. Cheltenham, GB: Nelson Thornes. 2001. ISBN 0-17-438746-6.
- Chase, Mark W.; Bremer, Birgitta; Bremer, Kåre; Reveal, James L.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Stevens, Peter S.. An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 2003, 141: 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
- Copeland, Herbert Faulkner. The Kingdoms of Organisms. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1938, 13: 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568.
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- 環境植物學
- Crawley, Michael J.. Plant Ecology. 2nd. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. 1997. ISBN 0-632-03639-7.
- Ennos, Roland; Sheffield, Elizabeth. Plant Life. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. 2000. ISBN 0-86542-737-2.
- Everitt; Lonard; Little, C. R.. Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press. 2007. ISBN 0-89672-614-2.
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- 植物生理學
- Bowsher, Caroline G.; Steer, M. W.; Tobin, A. K.. Plant Biochemistry. 2nd. New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis. 2008. ISBN 0-8153-4121-0.
- Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Jones, Russell L.. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. 2000. ISBN 0-943088-39-9.
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- Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert. Plant Physiological Ecology. New York: Springer Science. 1998. ISBN 0-387-98326-0.
- Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert. Plant Physiological Ecology. 2nd. New York: Springer Science. 2008. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78341-3. ISBN 978-0-387-78340-6.
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- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. 3rd. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2002. ISBN 0-87893-823-0.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. 4th. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2006. ISBN 0-87893-856-7.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardor. Plant Physiology. 5th. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2010. ISBN 0-87893-866-4.
外部連結
- 開放式目錄計劃中的Botany相關內容
- Botany databases at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
- High quality pictures of plants and information about them from Catholic University of Leuven
- Native Plant Information Network
- USDA plant database
- The Virtual Library of Botany
- 中國數字植物標本館
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參考來源
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