硫唑嘌呤
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薄膜衣片Imuran
製造商 葛蘭素史克
性狀
片劑 為圓形,雙凸,黃色薄膜衣片。注射粉劑 粉末為黃至琥珀色,無菌及冰凍乾燥劑,含鈉量約為4.5 mg。
目錄 |
藥理作用
本藥是6-硫基嘌呤的咪唑衍生物,為具有免疫抑制作用的抗代謝劑。可產生烷基化作用阻斷SH組群,抑制核酸的生物合成,防止細胞的增生,並可引起DNA的損害。動物實驗證實,本藥可使胸腺、脾內DNA、RNA減少,影響DNA、RNA,以及蛋白質的合成,主要抑制T-淋巴細胞而影響免疫,所以可抑制遲發過敏反應,器官移植的排斥反應。本藥的療效需於治療數周或數月後才出現。在上消化道內吸收較佳。血漿中的硫唑嘌呤及6-硫基嘌呤水平與本藥的療效及毒性無相互關係。
毒理研究
本藥可致染色體異常,動物實驗表明可致不同程度的胎兒異常,並具有明顯的致畸性,不能排除本藥對人體的致癌性。
適應症
本藥與其它藥物聯合應用於器官移植病人的抗排斥反應,例如腎移植、心臟移植及肝移植,亦減少腎移植受者對皮質激素的需求。本藥也可單獨使用於嚴重的風濕性關節炎,系統性紅斑狼瘡,皮肌炎/多發性肌炎,自體免疫性慢性活動性肝炎,尋常天皰瘡,結節性多動脈炎,自體免疫性溶血性貧血,慢性頑固自發性血小板減少性紫癜。
用法用量
注射劑只有在無法口服時才由靜脈給藥,且當口服療法可以耐受時即應停用。器官移植 第1日給予5 mg/kg體重,口服或靜注。維持劑量要根據臨床需要和血液系統的耐受性而調整,通常為1-4 mg/kg體重/日。維持治療應無限期地進行。因為如果治療中斷,就有排斥的危險。其它疾病 開始劑量為1-3 mg/kg體重/日。應根據臨床反應和血液學指標所示耐受程度而定。治療效果明顯時,應減少維持量至可保持此治療效果的最低水平。如3個月內病人情況無改善,應考慮停用。所需維持量從1 mg/kg體重/日至3 mg/kg體重/日不等,取決於臨床治療需要和病人個體反應,包括血液學指標所示的耐受程度。兼有肝和/或腎功能不全者,劑量酌減。老年人用藥的副作用發生率較其他病人高,應採用推薦劑量範圍的低限值。
不良反應
過敏反應:如全身不適、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉、發熱、寒戰、肌痛、關節痛、肝功能異常和低血壓。應立即停藥和給予支持療法,可使大部分病例恢復。造血功能 :可能產生劑量相關性、可逆性骨髓抑制,常見白細胞減少症,偶見貧血及血小板減少性紫癜。感染 :使用本藥和腎上腺皮質激素的器官移植受者對病毒、真菌和細菌感染的易感性增加。胃腸道反應 :偶有噁心,餐後服藥可緩解。罕見胰腺炎。肺部反應 :罕見可逆性肺炎。
禁忌症
對本藥及6-疏基嘌呤過敏者禁用。
注意事項
在治療的首8周內,至少每周檢查1次全血象,包括血小板。如使用大劑量或病人有肝和/或腎功能不全時,血象檢查的次數應該更多。此後每月或最少每3個月重複進行全血象的檢查。對腎和/或肝功能不全者,應使用推薦劑量的低限值及小心地監察血液學及肝腎功能。若出現肝或血液學毒性時,更應再減劑量。用藥期間不要進行活疫苗的免疫接種。
孕婦及哺乳期婦女用藥
臨床上證明本藥對胎兒有不良影響,只有對孕婦的益處大於對胎兒產生的危險時,才可考慮使用。本藥可分泌入乳汁,故哺乳婦女慎用。
藥物相互作用
當別嘌呤醇,氧嘌呤醇和/或硫嘌呤醇與6-硫基嘌呤或硫唑嘌呤聯用時,6-硫基唑嘌呤和硫唑嘌呤的劑量應減至原劑量的?。本藥可增強去極化藥物,如瑚珀醯膽鹼的神經肌肉阻滯作用,減弱非去極化藥物如筒箭毒鹼的神經肌肉阻滯作用。阻礙華法林的抗凝作用。本藥可增強骨髓抑制劑作用,導致嚴重的血液學異常,還可加強西咪替叮及吲哚美辛的骨髓抑制作用。
藥物過量
症状 無法解釋的感染、喉部潰瘍、紫癜和出血,通常是用藥9-14天達到最大的骨髓抑制而引起。一次性用藥過量後,可出現噁心、嘔吐及腹瀉,接著是輕微的白血球減少和肝功能異常。治療 目前尚無特效解毒藥,進行胃灌洗後,可予對症支持治療及密切監察血象。
用藥須知
每瓶注射劑應加入5-15 mL注射用水重組,(重組液pH值為10-12)並在使用前現配,未用完的藥物要廢棄。重組溶液貯存於15-25°C之間時可保存5天。5 mL重組溶液加入20-200 mL下列任一輸注溶液稀釋(稀釋液pH值為8-9.5) :0.18%/0.45%/0.9%的氯化鈉注射液+4%葡萄糖,該稀釋液在室溫下(15-25°C)可保存24小時。如重組或稀釋液中可見混濁或結晶物沉澱,該溶液即應廢棄。靜脈注射時應注意不要將本藥注射至血管周圍,因為可可導致組織損傷。本藥片劑不應被切開。配製注射劑應在無菌室或專設的房間中進行,操作人員應戴防護用具(手套,面罩,護目鏡,一次性工作服),如皮膚接觸到藥液,應用肥皂和大量清水清洗,如果濺到眼中,應用氯化鈉溶液或大量清水清洗。
通用名稱:硫唑嘌呤
英文名稱:Azathioprine
英文別名:Imurek、Imurel
英文說明
【藥理作用】
Classification: Immunosuppressant
Action/Kinetics: Antimetabolite that is quickly split to form mercaptopurine. To be effective, the drug must be given during the induction period of the antibody response. The precise mechanism in depressing the immune response is unknown, but it suppresses cell-mediated hypersensitivities and alters antibody production. Inhibits synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins and may interfere with meiosis and cellular metabolism. The mechanism for its effect on autoimmune diseases is not known. Is readily absorbed from the GI tract. The anuric client manifests increased effectiveness and toxicity (up to twofold). Onset: 6-8 weeks for rheumatoid arthritis. t1/2: 3 hr.
【適應症】
As an adjunct to prevent rejection in renal homotransplantation. In adult clients meeting criteria for classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis as defined by the American Rheumatism Association. Restrict use to clients with severe, active, and erosive disease that is not responsive to conventional therapy. Investigational: Chronic ulcerative colitis, generalized myasthenia gravis, to control the progression of Behet's syndrome (especially eye disease), Crohn's disease (low doses).
【用法用量】
Tablets, IV Use in renal homotransplantation. Adults and children, initial: 3-5 mg/kg (120 mg/m2), 1-3 days before or on the day of transplantation; maintenance: 1-3 mg/kg (45 mg/m2) daily. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE. Adults and children, tablets, initial: 1 mg/kg (50-100 mg); then, increase dose by 0.5 mg/kg/day after 6-8 weeks and thereafter q 4 weeks, up to maximum of 2.5 mg/kg/day; maintenance: lowest effective dose. Dosage should be reduced in clients with renal dysfunction. Myasthenia gravis. 2-3 mg/kg/day. However, side effects occur in more than 35% of clients. To control progression of Behet's syndrome. 2.5 mg/kg/day. To treat Crohn's disease. 75-100 mg/day.
【注意事項】
Pregnancy Category: D
Contraindications: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy or in clients previously treated with alkylating agents. Pregnancy and lactation.
Special Concerns: Hematologic toxicity is dose-related and may occur late in the course of therapy; may be more severe in renal transplant clients undergoing rejection. Although used in children, safety and efficacy have not been established.
【不良反應】
Hematologic: Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, macrocytic anemia, severe bone marrow depression selective erythrocyte aplasia. GI: N&V, diarrhea, abdominal pain, steatorrhea. CNS: Fever, malaise. Other: Increased risk of carcinoma severe infections (fungal, viral, bacterial, and protozoal), and hepatotoxicity are major side effects. Also, skin rashes, alopecia, myalgias, increase in liver enzymes, hypotension, negative nitrogen balance.
【相互作用】
ACE inhibitors / ↑ Risk of severe leukopenia Allopurinol / ↑ Pharmacologic effect of azathioprine R/T ↓ liver breakdown Anticoagulants / ↓ Anticoagulant effect Corticosteroids / With azathioprine, may cause muscle wasting after prolonged therapy Cyclosporine / ↑ Plasma cyclosporine levels Echinacea / Do not give with azathioprine Methotrexate / ↑ Plasma levels of the active metabolite, 6-mercaptopurine Tubocurarine / ↓ Tubocurarine effect and other nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
【藥物過量】
Symptoms: Large doses may result in bone marrow hypoplasia bleeding, infection, and death. Treatment: Approximately 45% can be removed from the body following 8 hr of hemodialysis.
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